1. Yes. Adobe Analytics supports SAML 2.0 SSO. Assuming the version of Microsoft ADFS you're running can act as a SAML 2.0 IDP, Analytics can be integrated with ADFS for user authentication.
2. No. Currently, all permissions (authorization) are still controlled within the Analytics admin UI. SAML 2.0 is used only for authentication and not authorization. Support for authorization as well as authentication is being considered for future releases but has not been committed to a specific release yet.
3. I'm not sure I understand what you're asking about here. When you say "segmentation" do you mean an Analytics segment or do you mean limiting who can access what data (report suites access and permissions)? Either way, the answer is no as per question #2.
Regards,
BKW