Your segment only works in Data Warehouse (as the definition also states). If you want to create something that works, you will have to define a segment same style as attached...
You will have to update it each month for the rest of the year, afterwards you can exclude all of 2018, 2019 and so forth... Not the most flexible solution, but all you can do as far as I can see...
Not sure if this would work but you can try something like the attached definition. Also you might have to create a report starting February as it would get overwritten like you said.
I tried to add a custom date range as part of the segment conditions. This however did not work as I'd wanted it just overwrote the date range for my report
The segment is not working because the logic that you used is not compatible with Analysis Workspace or Reports & Analytics. See the product compatibility above it only lists Data Warehouse. You might have to try using a different logic to achieve this.