Here is a checklist for you to run to identify the core of the issue here,
1) Confirm the dataset is actually using the schema you updated
2) Validate the ingested payload contains those fields mapped to the correct XDM path
3) Check if the data ingestion was a success or failure or has partially failing records
4) If your expectation is “Profile UI should show those attributes”, check if the default/custom merge policy you are using is suppressing the data being visible, although this should not affect the data being visible in Datasets.
5) Check if the new fields added are visible in Union Schema or not
6) How are you checking the data visibility in Dataset? through Preview? the more reliable way to check is through Query service and fetch the fields from the dataset table.
Do these validations and let us know if you need further help.