It's indeed possible to customize the component browser; however, there are no specifics out of the box hooks provided like for the asset finder.
Component cards are rendered by the script /libs/cq/gui/components/authoring/componentbrowser/component/component.jsp. So if you want to change the rendering, you could overlay this file and provide your custom rendering. Also, the default styling of those cards are defined in /libs/cq/gui/components/siteadmin/admin/components/clientlibs/components/css/card.css (for instance, the different colors are defined there).