Hi Steven,
OOTB functionality does not allow you to point to a custom authentication endpoint. As far as I know.
Ideally, you should handle authentication in publisher boxes. Example impl [1]
This surely, depends on load you are expecting on your servers. Given too big load it would be highly complicated to validate all requests on publishers.
For this use case, you would put a proxy server in between(Publish - Proxy - Dispatcher). Proxy would intercept authentication path requests and forward them to the desired authentication endpoint, which would in return validate user/path and return desired (success|fail) opcode back to the dispatcher.
[1] https://helpx.adobe.com/experience-manager/kb/PSCachingDelivery.html
Thanks,
Peter