Hello,
i don't think you can do exactly what you are mentionning, or maybe by creating "Custom Metrics".
If you really need what s on your example (month, week, etc) you can use the dimension "Month" or "Week" and then the "Time" metrcis "Last Year" and "This Year".
Though, something Dynamic I created, is a YTD comparison.
I did it this way, creating 2 custom "Date range" for my YTD
"This Year, until today" (start date jan 1 2018 - end day today)
"Last Year, until today" (start jan 1 2017 - end of current day - 365)
If you need to compare a specific date range, i think you can do the same way a custom date range, that would be the easiest way in my opinion.
Hope this will help.
Thomas