Time Banded Segment

Unfortunately no...

That used to work, Visitor segments used to look at all time Visitor data (or timeboxed Visitor data), in the initial query, then restrict the data to show the users for the panel's time range...

However, when the "Make Data range components relative to the panel calendar" they changed the order of operation... so now any date range that you apply inside the segment overrides the panel range... 

Basically, if you add a date range of "last 12 months" into your segment, your report will pull back ALL 12 months of data.... not ideal.

I haven't found any way to compensate for this... 

I don't know if something like the Audience Manager or Customer Attributes could be used though... something where you can flag particular users, then create a segment based on that flag?

To add to what @jennifer_dungan correctly said,

This isn’t possible natively in Workspace. Segments in Adobe Analytics will always respect the panel date range, so you can’t apply a “rolling 12-month condition” in the background while only reporting on today. If you force a 12-month date range in the segment, it will override your panel filter and return the full 12 months of data.

If you need logic like “flagging IPs with >1,000 visits and no orders in the past 12 months, then exclude them in today’s view,” the cleaner solution would be outside of Workspace e.g. leveraging Customer Attributes, Audience Manager, or a preprocessing step to persist that exclusion flag as a variable, and then using it in segments.