Hi Tara,
Sure--it's one of those things that sounds more complicated than it actually is. If you're asking a Yes/No question for instance, you'd make two links or buttons or whatever and assign each a unique ID (either via id="whatever" in HTML or in the Advanced tab of the Insert Link box.) Have the actual URL go to a plain "Thank you for your response"-type page for both.
From there, you'd set up a Smart Campaign that listens for "Clicks Link in Email" with the yes value ID (or the no value ID) via constraint, and then run a Change Data Value flow step to overwrite whatever field with the value you want.
You can get even more creative with this if you'd like: I have a client who does something like this to determine how to handle an advanced event registration. As long as you're asking a relatively simple question in the email itself, you don't really need a form.