I managed to find a solution and actually the example from Adobe works with adjustments 🙂
You have to use the Sling Resource Merger with /mnt/override and an absolute path to inherit from the parent super component.
<basic jcr:primaryType="nt:unstructured" path="/mnt/override/apps/.../components/basepage/tabs/basic"/>
In the XML for the tabs, all properties can be used as expected. For example:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<jcr:root xmlns:sling="http://sling.apache.org/jcr/sling/1.0" xmlns:granite="http://www.adobe.com/jcr/granite/1.0" xmlns:cq="http://www.day.com/jcr/cq/1.0" xmlns:jcr="http://www.jcp.org/jcr/1.0" xmlns:nt="http://www.jcp.org/jcr/nt/1.0"
jcr:primaryType="nt:unstructured">
<items jcr:primaryType="nt:unstructured">
<column jcr:primaryType="nt:unstructured">
<items jcr:primaryType="nt:unstructured">
<title jcr:primaryType="nt:unstructured">
<items jcr:primaryType="nt:unstructured" sling:hideChildren="[hideinnav]" />
</title>
</items>
</column>
</items>
</jcr:root>
It is essential to use the Sling Resource Merger with an override and to use an absolute path there!